The Cosmic "Smoke"

بِسْمِ اللہِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیۡمِ

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST BENEFICENT AND MERCIFULL

اللہ کے نام سے شروع جو نہایت مہربان رحم والا

الصلواة والسلام عليک 
يارسول الله
 

الصلواة والسلام عليک 
ياحبيب الله


الصلواة والسلام عليک 
يانبي الله


الصلواة والسلام عليک 
يا نور الله


O Allah! Shower blessings on Muhammad and his children whenever he is remembered by those who remember him, and shower blessings on Muhammad and family whenever he is not remembered by the negligent, and grant him peace constantly in abundance

The Cosmic "Smoke"

Then He rose over (Istawa) towards the heaven when it was smoke, and said to it and to the earth:" Come both of you willingly or unwillingly." They both said: "We come willingly."

(Surat Fussilat (They are explained in detail):11).  

By: Dr. / Zaghloul El-Naggar

  In the first third of the 20^th century, astronomers noticed the expansion of the universe, the thing that has aroused a lot of controversy before scientists could admit it. The Glorious Qur'an refers to this fact before 1400 years ago as Allah Says: "With power did We construct the heaven. Verily, We are Able to extend the vastness of space thereof."

 (Surat Adh-Dhariyat (The Winds that Scatter):47).

   This verse was sent when the whole world believed that the Universe is stable and unchanging. This thought prevailed till mid 20th century when astronomers discovered that the Universe is expanding and its galaxies are getting distant from us and from each other at almost the speed of light (300.000 Km/s). Besides, all the mathematical equations and the laws of physics support what astronomers found. Hence, astronomers, theoretical physicists and astrophysicists assume that if we go back in time, we'll find that all - the visible and invisible – forms of matter and energy in the cosmos must have been compressed in an elementary minute body whose size is almost zero, and where the dimensions of time and place contract.

    This elementary body was in a state of density and heat that no human mind can ever imagine and where there is no place for the laws of physics. This elementary body exploded – by Allah's command - in what's called by scientists the Big Bang (and by the Qur'an {Al-fatq} which means the phase when the earth and heavens exploded after being a one solid mass). Therefore, the Qur'an is the first to mention this great cosmic event exceeding any human knowledge as Allah Says:

"Have not those who disbelieve known that the heavens and the earth were joined together as one united piece, then We parted them? And We have made from water every living thing. Will they not then believe?"

(Surat Al-Anbiya' (The Prophets):30);

 When an elementary body with these characteristics explodes, it turns into a cloud of smoke from which the earth and all the celestial bodies were created. Again the Qur'an exceeds all the human knowledge when it mentions the phase of "smoke" before 1400 years as Allah Says:

"Say (O Muhammad (pbuh)):" Do you verily disbelieve in Him Who created the earth in two Days? And you set up rivals (in worship) with Him? That is the Lord of the 'Alamin (mankind, Jinn and all that exists). He placed therein (i.e. the earth) firm mountains from above it, and He blessed it, and measured therein its sustenance (for its dwellers) in four Days equal (i.e. all these four days were equal in the length of time) for all those who ask (about its creation). Then He rose over (Istawa) towards the heaven when it was smoke, and said to it and to the earth: "Come both of you willingly or unwillingly." They both said: "We come willingly." Then He completed and finished from their creation (as) seven heavens in two Days and He made in each heaven its affairs. And We adorned the nearest (lowest) heaven with lamps (stars) to be an adornment as well as to guard (from the devils by using them as missiles against the devils). Such is the Decree of Him the All-Mighty, the All-Knower."

(Surat Fussilat (They are explained in detail):9-12);

   On the 8^th of November 1989, NASA launched its Cosmic Background Explorer (COBE) satellite in an orbit that is 600 Km away from the earth and the effect of clouds and pollutants in the lower layers of the earth's atmosphere. 10 light years away from the earth, COBE sent millions of photos and information about the remnants of the smoke resulted from the Big Bang. It was a phase of a dark smoke that has prevailed in the Universe before the heavens and the earth were created. Exalted be He Who Say before 1400 years:

 "Then He rose over (Istawa) towards the heaven when it was smoke, and said to it and to the earth: "Come both of you willingly or unwillingly." They both said: "We come willingly."

 (Surat Fussilat (They are explained in detail):11);

The state of "smoke" that prevailed after the Big Bang (after exploding the solid mass of the heavens and the earth):

 After the Big Bang, theoretical physicists and astrophysicists started to analyze the course of cosmic events. Although we believe that these events are far from being known to us as Allah Says:

 "I (Allah) made them (Iblis and his offspring) not to witness (nor took their help in) the creation of the heavens and the earth and not (even) their own creation, nor was I (Allah) to take the misleaders as helpers."

 (Surat Al-Kahf (The Cave):51).

  Yet, the constancy and continuity of the cosmic laws help us somehow to create a right image about these unknown events – in spite of the limitedness of man's senses and his mental abilities on one hand, and the limitedness of his time and space on the other hand.

   Besides, things such as long-range missiles, their satellites, and the sensitive recording and measuring devices helped a lot in forming an image of the cosmic dust (smoke) resulting from the Big Bang whose remnants were found at the far end of the visible universe (up to 10 billion light years away) to be an evidence that the Qur'anic word "smoke" has not been chosen haphazardly and it accurately describes the state of the Universe before the creation of earth and heavens.

Astrophysics and the cosmic "smoke":

   After the Big Bang, the whole Universe turned into a cloud of smoke from which the earth and heavens were later created. Physical calculations tell us that the size of the Universe before the Big Bang was almost zero (the elementary minute body) as both matter and energy were greatly compressed and the dimensions of time and place had no existence. After the explosion of this elementary body (the Big Bang), it turned into a ball of radiation and elementary particles that continued to expand and cool at a great speed until it turned into a cloud of smoke.

   Physical calculations said that the heat of the Universe during the first few seconds after the Big Bang was ranging from trillion Kelvin degrees up to billions of Kelvin degrees (Steven and Hawking 1988). This cloud of smoke consisted of photon, electron and neutron particles and their antiparticles.

   If the Universe didn't continue to cool and expand steadily and accurately, the elementary particles of the matter would have annihilated each other and the Universe would have vanished…but Allah who perfectly created everything has kept it.

   Neutrons may exist in the shape of what's called the dark matter. Alan Goth believed that after the Big Bang, the Universe expanded at a tremendous rate that caused the increase of its diameter 2910 times in a part of a second. Soon after that – according to theoretical physics calculations, the Universe continued to cool till it reached billion Kelvin degrees. At this degree, protons bound to electrons to form hydrogen nuclei or neutron nuclei which decayed into hydrogen, or to more protons and neutrons to from helium nuclei along with heavier elements such as lithium and beryllium. However, helium and hydrogen nuclei were in a majority.

   Theoretical calculations tell us that shortly after that, the production of the helium and the heavier elements stops and the Universe kept expanding and cooling for a long time. As it cooled, the temperature decreased to reach a few thousands Kelvin degrees, while the atoms began to from and the cosmic "smoke" began to accumulate forming numbers of great nebulas.

  As the Universe continued to expand and cool, a number of these nebulas began – with the effect of gravity - to condense on themselves, and to whirl around themselves at a gradually accelerating speed till masses of condensed gases formed inside it. Hydrogen and helium gases started to condense on themselves at higher rates – as the masses continued to whirl around themselves inside these nebulas – and consequently their heat increased till it reached the level necessary for the nuclear fusion. Then, the stars emitting heat and light began to form.

   Nuclear fusion continues inside the high mass stars to form heavier elements such as carbon, oxygen and other heavy elements till the star's core turns completely into iron and called then "nova". This "nova" explodes into"supernova". The remnants of the supernova explosion spread with their heavy elements forming planets. Only what remains in the galaxy gases is the amount that helps to form a new star (by Allah's will).2% of our sun's mass is made up of 2 heavy elements; namely, hydrogen and helium. Of course these heavy elements didn't form inside the sun, but they came to it with the remnants of the supernova explosion. In spite of the fact that both matter and energy are greatly compressed in the celestial bodies (such as the stars and its satellites), the visible universe seems to be highly homogeneous and surrounded by a symmetrical background radiation wherever the observer was. Moreover, the expansion of the universe haven't yet reached the critical point of collapsing and recomposing; the thing that asserts that this universe is meticulously controlled. The visible universe is still expanding - after 10 billion years (the minimum lifetime of the universe) - at the same rate of the critical expansion. If the universe exceeded just hundreds of billions of this rate, the universe would have collapsed immediately. So exalted be He who kept it from collapsing.

  The theory of relativity can't explain that because the laws of physics and the dimensions of both time and place collapse at this preliminary body {(Al-Ratq) which means the phase when the heavens and the earth were one solid mass} before it explodes with its mass, density, tremendous heat and negligible size. No rational man can ever imagine that this masterly creation of the universe is anything but a command from The Creator (Exalted be He) Who Say:

 "Verily, His Command, when He intends a thing, is only that He says to it, "Be!" and it is!

 (Surat Ya-Sin: 82).

  Physicists say that if the electric charge of the neutron changed a little, no nuclear fusion would happen in the stars and if - supposedly - this happens, the stars would not be able to explode in the shape of supernova. The average rate of cosmic expansion must have been accurately chosen as its current rate is still very close to the critical point that kept the Universe from collapsing.

   Theoretical physicists and astrophysicists state that the cosmic "smoke" was a mixture of hot dark gases that carry some elementary particles of matter and antimatter. These pairs in creation that spread in the Universe witness that Allah is only One. The word "smoke" is the best word to describe this state, so exalted be He who mentioned it in the Qur'an before 1400 years.

   The elementary particles of the matter that were spread in the early cosmic smoke helped to from hydrogen and helium nuclei. After that, they reached the point that allows the formation of fixed atoms of heavier elements through the combination of the hydrogen and helium nuclei. The smoke kept prevailing carrying the atoms of the elements from which the heavens and the earth were later created.

  Theoretical studies made it clear that the Universe in this smoky state was in a homogeneous sate except some slight difference in the density and temperature among its regions. This is because some of this smoke turned (by Allah's command) into parts where a great amount of matter and energy is highly centered in what's called nebulae. According to the fact that gravity is in direct proportion to the amount of matter and energy, they compacted more and more and the stars and the rest of the celestial bodies formed in this nebulae. In their early state, the stars formed from the light elements such as hydrogen and helium which gradually turned, with the nuclear fusion process; into heavier elements inside these stars according to the mass of each.

A photo of the background radiation

  According to scientists, the mass of this dark smoke is 90% of the mass of the matter in the visible universe. George Smote, a responsible for the Explorer's trip, wrote a report in 1992 about the conclusion of this great number of cosmic photos. The most important of these photos was the homogeneous state of the smoke that was prevailing in the Universe before the Big Bang. The leftover glow that exists in the shape of background radiation was an evidence of the Big Bang. These results invalidate all the false theories that tried, out of infidelity and atheism, to deny the Creator (exalted be He)and proved that the Universe is constant without beginning or ending such as Herman Bundy and Freed Howell's theory of constant universe which they announced in 1949  and Richard Tolman's theory of oscillating universe. Proving the existence of the cosmic "smoke" and the background radiation after proving that the Universe is expanding makes it crystal clear that our Universe has a beginning and must one day have an end. Moreover, all the photos sent by COBE and published in April in 1992 affirm this fact.

The formation of galaxies nuclei from the cosmic "smoke":

  The elementary body from which the Universe was created was packed with matter and energy that its size was almost zero. After the explosion of this body and the expansion of the universe, the radiation expanded and the electromagnetic force filled the Universe. This means that the more the Universe expands, the less hot and dense it becomes and the less the energy centers.

   The first form of energy in the Universe is the gravitational force. It is a cosmic force in the meaning that everybody in the Universe is under its control according to the body's mass and the amount of energy in it. It is along-range force and it keeps the construction and the dimension of the visible universe. May be it is this force that Allah mean in Surat Ar-Ra'd (The Thunder), when He Says:

"Allah is He Who raised the heavens without any pillars that you can see. Then, He rose above (Istawa) the Throne (really in a manner that suits His Majesty). He has subjected the sun and the moon (to continue going round), each running (its course) for a term appointed. He manages and regulates all affairs; He explains the Ayat (proofs, evidences, verses, lessons, signs, revelations, etc.) in detail, that you may believe with certainty in the meeting with your Lord."    

(Surat Ar-Ra'd (The Thunder):2)

And when He Says:

"See you not that Allah has subjected to you (mankind) all that is on the earth, and the ships that sail through the sea by His Command? He withholds the heaven from falling on the earth except by His Leave. Verily, Allah is, for mankind, Full of kindness, Most Merciful."

(Surat Al-Hajj (The Pilgrimage):65)

And when He Says:

"And among His Signs is that the heaven and the earth stand by His Command. Then afterwards when He will call you by single call, behold, you will come out from the earth (i.e from your graves for reckoning and recompense)."

(Surat Ar-Rum (The Romans):25)

And when He Says:

"He has created the heavens without any pillars, that you see, and has set on the earth firm mountains lest it should shake with you. And He has scattered therein moving (living) creatures of all kinds. And We send down water (rain) from the sky, and We cause (plants) of every goodly kind to grow therein."

(Surat Luqman: 10)

And when He Says:

"Verily! Allah grasps the heavens and the earth lest they should move away from their places, and if they were to move away from their places, there is not one that could grasp them after Him. Truly, He is Ever Most Forbearing, Oft-Forgiving."

(Surat Fatir (The Originator of Creation, or The Angels):41)

   Allah (exalted be He) swore (and He is in no need of swearing) by the "Ceiling raised high" "And by the roof raised high (i.e. the heaven)."(Surat At-Tur (The Mount):5). This Qur'anic oath was by the heavens raised without visible pillars.

  The second form of energy is the electromagnetic force which works among the electric charged particles. It is more powerful than the gravitational force million times. It is represented in the repelling force among the particles of different charges and in the attracting force among the particles of like charges. This repelling and attracting forces annihilate each other. Hence, the total of the electromagnetic force in the universe is almost zero. However, as far as the particles and the matter atoms are concerned, this force remains the most powerful force in the Universe.

   The electromagnetic force is the force that compels the electron to whirl around the nucleus exactly like the gravitational force which compels the earth (and the other planets of the Milky Way) to whirl around the Sun. This proves the uniformity of the Universe from its smallest particle to its largest galaxy and that Allah is only One without a partner or a rival. Physicists say that the electromagnetic force is the result of the alternation of great numbers of particles which almost have no weight and called (photons).

  The third force is the third nuclear force which represents the glue that holds nucleons together. This force reaches its utmost in the ordinary levels of energy and it weakens with the gradual increase of these levels.

   The fourth force is the weak nuclear force and it is the force responsible for the radioactivity. Whereas the strong nuclear force weakens in the high levels of energy, both the weak nuclear force and the electromagnetic force reach their utmost in these levels.

The unification of forces in the Universe:

   Physicists presume that the electromagnetic, strong, and weak nuclear forces were a unified force described as the "grand unification theory". This theory is considered a step to another theory that unifies all the cosmic forces into one great force, the thing that proves that Allah is only One. From this great force, the four known cosmic forces (the gravitational force, the electromagnetic force, and both the strong and the weak nuclear forces) emerged right with Big Bang {Al-Fatq} which means the phase when the earth and heavens exploded after being a one solid mass).

    Except for the gravitational force, all the other cosmic forces reach the same rate at very high levels of energy called "Grand unification energy". Hence, these three forms of energy are three facets of one force, the gravitational force could be part of which as it is a very long-range force that has control over the cosmic bodies and the great complexes of matter. Therefore, it could be, theoretically, neglected as a kind of simplification when dealing only with elementary particles or even with atoms of elements.

  This uniformity of the Universe and the energy in it, along with the spread of pairs in creation is a clear-cut evidence that the Creator of this Universe, unlike His creatures, is only One without a partner. Allah Says:

"And of everything We have created pairs, that you may remember (the Grace of Allah)."

(Surat Adh-Dhariyat (The Winds that Scatter):49)

And He Says:

"Had there been therein (in the heavens and the earth) gods besides Allah, then verily both would have been ruined. Glorified be Allah, the Lord of the Throne, (High is He) above what they attribute to Him!"

(Surat Al-Anbiya' (The Prophets):22)

الصلواة والسلام عليک 
يارسول الله
 

الصلواة والسلام عليک 
ياحبيب الله


الصلواة والسلام عليک 
يانبي الله


الصلواة والسلام عليک 
يا نور الله


O Allah! Shower blessings on Muhammad and his children whenever he is remembered by those who remember him, and shower blessings on Muhammad and family whenever he is not remembered by the negligent, and grant him peace constantly in abundance

SPEED OF LIGHT

بِسْمِ اللہِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیۡمِ

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST BENEFICENT AND MERCIFULL

اللہ کے نام سے شروع جو نہایت مہربان رحم والا

الصلواة والسلام عليک 
يارسول الله
 

الصلواة والسلام عليک 
ياحبيب الله


الصلواة والسلام عليک 
يانبي الله


الصلواة والسلام عليک 
يا نور الله


O Allah! Shower blessings on Muhammad and his children whenever he is remembered by those who remember him, and shower blessings on Muhammad and family whenever he is not remembered by the negligent, and grant him peace constantly in abundance

SPEED OF LIGHT "IN MONOTHEISM BOOKS, WHY?"

The speed of light in vacuum c is the same for all forces including light and all other electromagnetic waves, e.g. ultraviolet, infrared, radio and TV, and may be also the gravity. It is the upper limit speed for the forces in the physical universe and it can't be reached by any matter due to the infinite energy needed. Therefore, to describe this highest speed on the astronomical basis, the distance covered by which in a day as the shortest astronomical time is best compared to the astronomical distance covered by the moon as the nearest celestial object and the easiest to define its motion precisely. Lunar year is based on 12 cycles. Hence, puzzle of Monotheism books becomes a miracle; that "a day is comparable to or does not exceed a thousand year" (in distance), based on what moon's motion be reckoned, i.e. relative to vacuum as if earth is motionless as reckoned by earth observers, then isolated earth-moon system is achieved: "speed of light c = 12,000moon's cycles per day (in the isolated system)".

The physicist Stephen Hawking said: “Light’s velocity is different from the speed of anything else. A bullet or moon or planet always has a speed that is relative to something else. The speed of light is relative to nothing; it is an absolute constant, always the same” (Hawking’ universe, p.35). The motion of forces including light is "absolute" because it isn't affected by the observer motion; hence it is termed "The universal constant of motion", while the motion of all objects is "relative" because it is affected by the observer motion.  The geocentric moon's motion as detected by the earth observers is not made from a motionless earth as reckoned by them. But to make a constant relation with the universal constant of motion c using pure parameters; the system of the moon's motion around earth should be isolated as if earth is motionless as reckoned by earth observers.

Based on the naked eye observation from the earth; the moon is reckoned circling the motionless earth, in a perfectly circular orbit, devoid from the variation ratio either in velocity or distance, as if the motion of the moon around the earth is in isolated system. This is because the moon's motion with the earth around the sun can not be detected except by an observer outside the solar system, and the variation ratio from the mean values can not be detected by the naked eye. The exclusion of this ratio achieves the perfectly circular orbit exactly as it is reckoned.

The moon is in a synchronous motion around the sun during its motion around the earth. It covers an angle Ø around the sun each cycle. Hence, the moon's direction in space is changed with respect to the stars from the original one by the same angle Øeach cycle around the earth.

The "velocity" has a certain value and a certain direction (Vector), while the "mass" for example has only a certain value (Scalar). In the isolated earth-moon (e-m) system; the moon's velocity comes again to the original direction each cycle around the earth. But, actually its direction is changed with respect to the stars from the original one by an angle Ø each cycle around the earth due to the simultaneous motion around the sun.

The moon covers an angle Ø around the sun each cycle and its direction of velocity is changed.	In respect to the stars the moon's velocity direction is changed each cycle due to the heliocentric motion during geocentric one.

Hence, the lunar orbit is an ellipse instead of a perfectly circular one, the parameters of motion are means instead of basic and fixed ones, and either the mean velocity or the mean distance has a certain variation ratio.

The elliptical lunar orbit

Eccentricity (deviation from the circle) e = ae/a; Variation ratio of velocity (V) or distance(R):

2e; Moon’s near distance (perigee) P = a (1 - e); Moon’s far distance (apogee) A = a (1 + e);

Semi-major axis of the lunar orbit a = (A + P)/2 = 2R/ {1 + (1 - e²)^0.5}; Semi-minor axis b =

{a² - (ae) ²}^0.5; Mean distance R = (a + b)/2; orbit length L = 2π R = V × Revolution period: T';

Mean velocity V = 2π R/T'; angle Ø = 360 (T'/Y'), where Y' is the revolution period of the earth.

Sidereal year Y: 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9.5 seconds (31558149.5 seconds = 365.25636 days). Sidereal month T: 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, 11.5 seconds (2360591.5 seconds = 27.32166088 days): (sidereal year/synodic month) + 1 = (sidereal year/sidereal month).Sidereal day t: 86164.09966 seconds: (sidereal year/synodic day) + 1 = (sidereal year/sidereal day). The Deviation angle of the earth-moon system in relation to vacuum (due to motion around sun every sidereal month) Ø: 26.92847817 [Ø = 360T/Y)], Cosine Ø: 0.891572542289913397, 2e = 1 - cosine Ø = 0.108427457710086603, e = 0.0542137288550433015 (about 0.055),  π = 3.1415926535898.

It is known that "accelerate" means to change speed, but in case of planets for example the regular change in direction reflects acceleration also, therefore the direction change of the moon's velocity is acceleration. Hence, to achieve the pure geocentric moon's velocity V' in the isolated e-m system, it is plausible to exclude the effect of the heliocentric motion from the actual one. This can be done either by exclusion of the variation ratio 2e of the moon's mean velocity V from its mean value: V' = V (1 – 2e), or by analysis of the mean velocity V as a force to define the value of its component in the original direction V' after one cycle: V' = V cosine Ø.

The perfectly circular orbit of the moon in the isolated earth-moon system is the projection of the astronomically based elliptical one.

Subsequently, the lunar orbit deviation from a circle (eccentricity) can be defined precisely: e = 1/2 (1 – cosine Ø), as well as the pure distance (L' = V'T') covered by the pure geocentric motion of moon each month.

All laws of motion are defined in isolated system to avoid the external effects and to reveal the constant relations. Therefore, it is essential to use the isolated e-m system to define the constant speed of light value c by the pure non-variable moon's motion parameters, and to unify the pure lunar orbit length L' and the earth rotation period t' in one constant relation: c = 12000 L'/t' = 12000 V cos. ØT'/t'. For more precise calculation; the lunar heliocentric angle Ø^o is (360 T'/Y'): 26.92847817^o(about 27^o), cosine Ø is: 0.8915725423 (about 0.89), the variation ratio of the moon's mean distance or velocity 2e is (1 – cosine Ø): 0.1084274577 (about 0.11), and the eccentricity of the moon's orbit e is (2e/2): 0.05421372885 (about 0.055).

The moon completes a circle (360^o) with the earth around the sun with respect to the stars in365.25636 mean days (The sidereal year Y'). The earth rotation period t' with respect to the stars is86164.09966 seconds (The sidereal day), but with respect to the sun the (synodic) day t is 86400seconds. The difference in time is due to the earth revolution around the sun during its rotation around itself. These differences make an extra rotation cycle t' each revolution: Y'/t = (Y'/t') - 1. Similarly, the moon's revolution period T' is 27.32166088 mean days (The sidereal month). The pure periods (t' and T') are considered in the isolated e-m system.

The moon's mean velocity was found to be about 1.023 km. /sec. (Laros Astronomy, p.142), and the value 1.022794272 (about 1.023) km. /sec.  achieves exactly the speed of light value in vacuum c, which is the most important value in Physics, and which is defined only recently since 1983:

V = 1.022794272 km. /sec., Cosine Ø = 0.8915725423, t' = 86164.09966 sec., T' = 27.321088 days = 2360591.5 sec., L' = V Cos. Ø T' = 2152612.269 km. So:

c = 12000 L'/t' = 299,792.458  about 300,000) km. /sec. This is exactly the known value today for the speed of light c (The Encyclopedia Britannica 2003, the Encarta encyclopedia 2003).

This precise value for speed of light is the latest step in a long history of measurements, ending in the 1983 when it was accepted in the conference of Paris for the measurements, and beginning in the early 1600s with an unsuccessful attempt by Galileo to measure the speed of the lantern light. The first evidence that the speed of light is finite was given in 1676 by Olas Romer. The value defined by him for the speed of light was about: 227000 km. /sec.

Realization:

In the equation (c = 12000 L'/t'); at present: L' = 2π R' = V'T' = 2152612.269 km. (π = 3.1415926535898). Therefore: V' = 0.9118952894 km. /sec., V = V/cosine Ø = 1.022794272 km. /sec. (cos. Ø = 0.8915725423), R' = 342,598.8832 km., R = R'/cos. Ø =384,263.6095 km., semi-major axis a = 384546.3752 km., semi-minor axis b = 383980.8438 km., Perigee (the near distance) P =363,698.6823 km., and apogee = 405,394.0681 km.

These values are in agreement with astronomically defined ones based on the approximate value of the lunar orbit eccentricity (0.055) and the value 384,405 km. for the lunar orbit semi-major axis, with the following results (Astrophysics, Zeilik and Neilson, New York, p53): the near distance of the moon p = 363,263 km. and the far distance A = 405,547 km. 

A trial to explore the unification in origin

As long as the initial velocity in any system of motion is isolated without external effect; sum of which as a vector will be constant forever.

In the equation (c = 12000 L'/t'); c is dealt with as a constant value, so the lunar orbit length L' should be related to the earth rotation period t' by a constant value (L'/t' = 299792.458/12000 = 24.98270483), which is achieved if the moon is on the earth periphery with similar earth rotation t' and moon's revolution T' periods (L'/t' = V'T'/t' = V'). Then, it should represent the rotation velocity of the initial earth (24.98270483 km. /sec).

At meeting of moon and earth centers; R' = zero, so the value (R - R') must equal radius of initial earth r_e^o = 41,664.7263 km. Hence, its rotation period t'^o must be 10,478.73711 sec., which is nearexpected value (2.5 hrs) if separation was from earth with the present mean radius (6371.3 km).  

The value R–R' equals 2e (2e = 1-cos. H) relative to R; so at any time: r_e^o/R = 2 e = 1 - cos. H. The value 2e represents the ratio in the motion of the moon resulting from its motion around the sun. At contact of the moon with the earth: r_e^o/R = 2 e = 1 - cos. Ø = 1. Therefore, the motion of the moon should be totally around the sun as a peripheral point. The angle Ø was in its maximum 90^o (cos. Ø: zero), making a tangential direction of the moon with the sun's centre confirming that it was a peripheral point of it. Due to Unitarian origin; earth and moon may be viewed as a twin planet. The value e = 0.5 reveals the maximum eccentricity at which the earth and moon were prone to escape. At contact of them with the sun; the earth revolution and the sun rotation periods were similar (Y' = T' 360/Ø = 4t'^o).

A residual distance exists after the complete recession of the moon in the isolated e-m system which represents the initial earth mean radius r_e^o, therefore, the actual moon's distance R of the initial lunar orbit was 2 r_e^o. The lunar parameters at contact of the moon with the earth are reflections to the initial lunar orbit; so its parameters can be defined provided that 2e = r^o/R = 0.5, and Ø = 60^o (cos. Ø = 0.5). The angle 60^o is the equilibrium angle because at which the sun and earth effects on the moon were equal. The doubling of the moon's distance means that the moon's mean orbital velocity V should be half of the rotation velocity of the initial earth 0.5 V_e^o. Hence, the pure lunar motion that represents the escape velocity of earth can be defined (V' = V cosine Ø = 0.5 × 0.5 V_e^o): 6.245676208 km. /sec.Then, the actual moon's revolution period (T') value was 4t'^o (V'T' = 4V't').

Because of the unified origin of the sun, earth, and moon, the escape velocity of any of them at contact depends either on the radius or the mass (r₁/r₂ = V₁/V₂, M₁/M₂ = V₁³/V₂³). Consider the present masses (sun: 1.99×10³⁰ kg., earth: 5.9736×10²⁴ kg., moon: 7.35×10²² kg.), so the escape or rotation velocity and mean radius of the sun and moon can be defined; the sun escape velocity was432.963991 km. /sec. and its radius was 2888290.327 km., and the moon escape velocity was1.441882483 km. /sec. and its mean radius was 9618.756561 km. Then, the unified mean density of either the sun, earth, or moon (3M/4π r³) was: 19.7170496 kg. /meter³.

Realization: Initial mean density of:

Sun:          3×1.99×10³⁰/{4×3.1415926535898×(2888290327)³} = 19.7170496 kg./meter³.

Earth: 3×5.9736×10²⁴/{4×3.1415926535898×(41664726.3)³} = 19.7170496 kg./ meter³.

Moon:   3×7.35×10²²/{4×3.1415926535898×(9618756.561)³} = 19.7170496 kg./ meter³.

The mean density of the earth at present is 5520 kg. /meter³, therefore the initial earth volume was about 280 times larger. Similarly, the initial volumes of the sun and the moon were respectively about 70 and 170 times larger based on the present mean densities (1409 and 3342 kg. /meter³).

To compare the mean density of the solar system nebula; the density of the distilled water is: 1000 kg. /meter3 (about 50 times larger), and the mean density of air at sea level is: 1.3 kg. /meter3 (about15 times smaller). This result is in agreement with the hypothesis that the nebula; from which our world was formed, was mainly a collection of gas and dust as a part of our galaxy. Applying the projectiles law (V² = 2MG/r; where V the escape velocity, M the projectile mass, G the gravity constant, rthe earth radius); the gravity constant G when our galaxy formed was: 1.36038342×10^-19km.3/kg./sec.²; about 2 times the present one (6.67×10^-20 km.3/kg./sec.²), exactly as expected by Paul Dirac (1902-1983) that G was larger in the past.

Knowing the value of initial earth rotation period, we can calculate to define the value of the initial synodic day (sidereal year/synodic day) + 1 = (sidereal year/sidereal day), it was found to be about 4 hours only which is a plausible value; in agreement with the expected one by other ways.  

Because of the minor external effects; consider the heliocentric motion of the earth is in isolated system. The present earth distance from sun R_e should be related to the present equatorial sun rotation period t_s according to the initial escape velocity of the sun V_s^o (432.963991 km. /sec.) at which earth escaped in a similar relation to that of e-m system (V_s^o = 2π R_e/t_s).

Realization: Present equatorial sun rotation period is slightly larger than 25 mean days, and the value 25.12694896 mean days defines exactly the present earth distance from sun: 149,597,870 km.which is termed "The astronomical unit" because it is used in measure inside solar system.

The rotation and escape velocities of initial moon or sun were similar. The initial Earth rotation velocity was 4 times larger than its escape velocity indicating that it was a whirl at the periphery of the initial sun. Initial moon rotation period was also similar to its revolution period indicating that present ovoid-shaped moon with long axis towards earth may face it by the same face since beginning (2πr_m/the lunar rotation velocity = 2π R_m/the mean lunar orbital velocity = 41914.9484 seconds).

Because of the angular momentum conservation (MVR = constant); the lost moon's mass can be defined: M/M^o = V^oR^o/VR = 0.8329464537. Therefore, it had lost a reasonable ratio of its original mass about 16.7%. The loss of most of its gases may be due to its low gravity in comparison with the sun that has 99.86% of the solar system mass in a gaseous state.

The six successive days-like periods of universe creation in religious books can be divided intothree main stages: one for what was happened before the earth separation as a part of our galaxy, one for the earth interior layers, and the last one for the earth crust and atmosphere that were established since about 0.25 billion years (Encyclopedia Britanica). The recent data is consistent with the religious books classification for the universe creation, because the age of the universe was found to be about12.5 (10 – 15) billion years and the age of the earth crust and atmosphere was found to be about 4.3(4 - 4.6) billion years. So, the age of earth and moon separation as parts of our galaxy should be about8.4 billion years, at which the mechanics of the earth-moon-sun system was really started. Theaccumulated distance by the moon's recession is 300934.1569 km, hence, the annual moon's recession rate should be about: 3.6 cm. /year, which is the exact known value today by laser telemetry since Apollo 11 mission in July 1969 where reflectors were put on the surface of the moon.

The same value of solar nebula age and earth separation (about 8.4 billion years) can be obtained if we consider what the last monotheism book has mentioned that length of calendar year at the end of our world creation (since 0.25 billion years) is 12 of the present calendar months (29.530588 days), because the present length of calendar year is 12.368267 months with an accumulated extra value of0.368267 in 0.25 billion years, so total length of present year is accumulated in a period of 8.4 billion years; the age of our galaxy. This indicates that dynamics of earth and moon was formed with our galaxy before their own formation. 

- "Verily, the count of the months (in a year) in the sight of God (according to his design) was twelve of the present months at the time of (full) creation of the heavens and the earth (our visibleuniverse)" (9/36).

In the isolated e-m system; the moon's distance R' and the day length t', as well as the moon's recession rate rR` and the day length increase rate rt` should have a constant relation: R'/t' =rR`/rt` = 3.976120966. This relation can be expressed by the moon's velocity: V't' = constant (78572.6366), and can be expressed by the moon's distance instead of the earth rotational period:V'R' = constant. To avoid the mass M changes effect; it may be considered, hence the fundamental law in physics of the circular motion is achieved which is conservation of angular momentum (MVR = constant) confirming conserved dynamics of isolated e-m system.

A certain Order means One conscious Will beyond

stephen hawking

Chaos never exists, but instead the whole physical world is in order according to certain laws, and the Unitarian origin of the earth and moon with the sun extends to cover the whole universe Unity in one beginning which reflects One Will beyond. This is also what the British physicist Stephen Hawking said: “The whole history of science has been the gradual realization that events do not happen in an arbitrary manner, but that they reflect a certainunderlying order.” (Brief history of Time, page 140) Stephen Hawking conclusion was very clear and decisive, he said: "So long as the universe had a (Certain one)beginning  .. it had a (Certain one) Creator." (Brief history of Time, page 122)  Subsequently, the Creator who made the order should not be divisible or visible but instead one and unique. This is the most probably aim of "the Monotheism books relation of ultimate unification";particularly because this is frequently declared as "the original belief".

To know the fact don't forget this One thing

In the Bible; the relation is still clear although there are not enough details or a definite indication to the universal upper limit speed, and what is comparable to 1000 years is not fixed to a day, hence the interpretation was only a philosophical one that the Creator is beyond the time, so a thousand years for him may be a day or only an hour; or even the reverse.   

- Ps90/4: "For a thousand years in your sight Are but as yesterday when it is past, As a watchin the night."

- 2Pt3/8: "But don't forget this one thing, beloved, that one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day."

(World English Bible, WEB,1998)  

In the Koran; there are three verses having the same keywords of the relation; "a day" and "a thousand years", but each context is particular.

One gives the relation making it according to what earth observers reckon, hence the motion of moon around the earth on which the Arabic (lunar) years are based becomes in isolated system determining correct way used in all physical motion equations: "And verily, a day in the sight of your Lord is as a thousand years according to what you reckon" 22/47  (At your Lord; according to Islamic belief, doesn't mean except according to the design in the whole universe that has been created by the Lord).  

The Koran second verse is not only emphasizing that this relation is constant; but also it gives many details indicating by analysis that this implied speed is universal and the upper limit for the traveling, space is not empty but it is full of what we call forces, all have a Unitarian upper limit speed and a curved path in the space, these forces and matter are unified in origin and fate (one essential building matter), the earth with its satellite and sun are unified in origin and mechanics as well as  all celestial objects in the universe, and the whole universe should have a unified end at which everything will be vanished again exactly as it was at the unified beginning  reflecting an indivisible One Great Will beyond lasting forever.

- "He (your Lord) manages everything, from the heaven to the earth (to be in order). Then(accordingly), there is what  is traveling (forces) in a curved path (filling the space) until the end; (to cover) in a day a measure that cannot exceed a thousand years according to what you reckon" 32/5.

The speed of light in vacuum can not be exceeded by any mass-bearing object and the upper-limit speed for the traveling forces in the universe; hence it is the suitable speed by which the huge astronomical distances can be measured using the suitable unit of time. The moon is about 1 second far, the sun is about 8 minutes, the nearest star (Alpha Century) is 4.3 years, and the nearest galaxy (Andromeda) is about 2 million years. To define the upper-limit distance or the radius of the universe on the astronomical basis; the suitable unit of time is the maximal one we can define, which is the sun's year, or the period of a circle covered by the sun around the centre of our galaxy (Milky way), it is about 250 million years. The beam of light covers universe radius in its age which was found to be about 12.5 (10–15) billion years, or 50 by feasible time units (Sun's years).

Excluding the keywords indicative to the universal constant of motion ("a day" and "a thousand years"); still a keyword (50) in the third verse contextually indicative to the maximal astronomically observable distance by maximal speed and the units of time feasible for measure (sun's years).

- "The (non-physical messengers) Angels and the Spirit are traveling in (the universe) curved paths until the end (covering a huge expansion); of a measure of fifty (feasible units of time);thousand years in a day" 70/4.          

Amazingly; maximal astronomical distance in last monotheism book is defined as "a measure of fifty; thousand years in a day" that contextually means: "50 (feasible time units) by the 1000 years per day speed". This distance can't be measured by traveling of any physical being due to the time barrier during traveling in the dynamic universe by a limited speed.

The plausible conclusion of these scientifically based measures is that prophets message is one, and what is incomplete and distorted by time is detailed and corrected in the last one; with evidences of Divine Inspiration confirming that Creator is unique, invisible and indivisible; but only One.

The Koran tells us that it has been revealed by the Great God himself by the same message (Monotheism) of the previous book, but with more details describing obscure facts about the physical world and absence of change or distortion, so the Koran is dominating over it, and should not be rejected: "We (An expression of Greatness) have revealed to you the Book truthfully confirming what was in the previous book; but dominating over it." 5/48

الصلواة والسلام عليک 
يارسول الله
 

الصلواة والسلام عليک 
ياحبيب الله


الصلواة والسلام عليک 
يانبي الله


الصلواة والسلام عليک 
يا نور الله


O Allah! Shower blessings on Muhammad and his children whenever he is remembered by those who remember him, and shower blessings on Muhammad and family whenever he is not remembered by the negligent, and grant him peace constantly in abundance