THE LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE

بِسْمِ اللہِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیۡمِ

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST BENEFICENT AND MERCIFULL

اللہ کے نام سے شروع جو نہایت مہربان رحم والا

YAH ALLAH SEND BLESSINGS ON PROPHET MUHAMMAD PEACE BE UPON HIM

 AND ON CHILDREN OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD PEACE BE UPON HIM

THE LAYERS OF THE ATMOSPHERE
One fact about the universe revealed in the verses of the Qur'an is that the sky is made up of seven layers:

(Qur'an, 2:29)

ہُوَ الَّذِیۡ خَلَقَ لَکُمۡ مَّا فِی الۡاَرْضِ جَمِیۡعًا ٭ ثُمَّ اسْتَوٰۤی اِلَی السَّمَآءِ فَسَوّٰىہُنَّ سَبْعَ سَمٰوٰتٍ ؕ وَہُوَ بِکُلِّ شَیۡءٍ عَلِیۡمٌ ﴿٪۲۹﴾

 وہی ہے جس نے تمہارے لئے بنایا جو کچھ زمین میں ہے (ف۵۱) پھر آسمان کی طرف استواء (قصد) فرمایا تو ٹھیک سات آسمان بنائے وہ سب کچھ جانتا ہے (ف۵۲) 

It is He Who created everything on the earth for you and Moreover directed His attention up to heaven and arranged it into seven regular heavens. He has knowledge of all things. (Qur'an, 2:29)

(Qur'an, 41:11-12)

ثُمَّ  اسْتَوٰۤی  اِلَی السَّمَآءِ وَ ہِیَ دُخَانٌ فَقَالَ  لَہَا وَ لِلْاَرْضِ ائْتِیَا طَوْعًا  اَوْ کَرْہًا ؕ قَالَتَاۤ  اَتَیۡنَا طَآئِعِیۡنَ ﴿۱۱﴾   فَقَضٰہُنَّ سَبْعَ سَمٰوٰتٍ فِیۡ یَوْمَیۡنِ وَ اَوْحٰی فِیۡ کُلِّ سَمَآءٍ  اَمْرَہَا ؕ وَ زَیَّنَّا السَّمَآءَ  الدُّنْیَا بِمَصَابِیۡحَ ٭ۖ وَ حِفْظًا ؕ ذٰلِکَ تَقْدِیۡرُ الْعَزِیۡزِ الْعَلِیۡمِ ﴿۱۲﴾

                        

پھر آسمان کی طرف قصد فرمایا اور وہ دھواں تھا (ف۲۵) تو اس سے اور زمین سے فرمایا کہ دونوں حاضر ہو خوشی سے چاہے ناخوشی سے دونوں نے عرض کی کہ ہم رغبت کے ساتھ حاضر ہوئے  تو انہیں پورے سات آسمان کردیا دو دن میں (ف۲۶) اور ہر آسمان میں اسی کے کام کے احکام بھیجے (ف۲۷) اور ہم نے نیچے کے آسمان کو (ف۲۸) چراغوں سے آراستہ کیا (ف۲۹) اور نگہبانی کے لئے (ف۳۰) یہ اس عزّت والے علم والے کا ٹھیرایا ہوا ہے

Moreover He turned to heaven when it was smoke. In two days He determined them as seven heavens and revealed, in every heaven, its own mandate. (Qur'an, 41:11-12)

The word "heavens," which appears in many verses in the Qur'an, is used to refer to the sky above the Earth, as well as the entire universe. Given this meaning of the word, it is seen that the Earth's sky, or the atmosphere, is made up of seven layers.

Today, it is known that the world's atmosphere consists of different layers that lie on top of each other. Based on the criteria of chemical contents or air temperature, the definitions made have determined the atmosphere of the earth as seven layers. According to the "Limited Fine Mesh Model (LFMMII)," a model of atmosphere used to estimate weather conditions for 48 hours, the atmosphere is also 7 layers. According to the modern geological definitions the seven layers of atmosphere are as follows:

1. Troposphere

2. Stratosphere/also Known as Ozone

3. Mesosphere

4. Thermosphere

5. Exosphere

6. Ionosphere

7. Magnetosphere

The Qur'an says, "[He] revealed, in every heaven, its own mandate," in Surah Fussilat 12. In other words, Allah is stating that He assigned each heaven its own duty. Truly, as will be seen in following chapters, each one of these layers has vital duties for the benefit of human kind and all other living things on the Earth. Each layer has a particular function, ranging from forming rain to preventing harmful rays, from reflecting radio waves to averting the harmful effects of meteors.

The verses below inform us about the appearance of the seven layers of the atmosphere: 

(Qur'an, 71:15)

اَلَمْ تَرَوْا کَیۡفَ خَلَقَ اللہُ  سَبْعَ سَمٰوٰتٍ طِبَاقًا ﴿ۙ۱۵﴾ 

 کیا تم نہیں دیکھتے اللّٰہ نے کیونکر سات آسمان بنائے ایک پر ایک

Do you not see how He created seven heavens in layers? (Qur'an, 71:15)

(Qur'an, 67:3)

الَّذِیۡ خَلَقَ سَبْعَ سَمٰوٰتٍ طِبَاقًا ؕ مَا تَرٰی فِیۡ  خَلْقِ الرَّحْمٰنِ مِنۡ  تَفٰوُتٍ ؕ فَارْجِعِ  الْبَصَرَ ۙ ہَلْ  تَرٰی مِنۡ فُطُوۡرٍ ﴿۳﴾ 

جس نے سات آسمان بنائے ایک کے اوپر دوسرا تو رحمٰن کے بنانے میں کیا فرق دیکھتا ہے (ف۵) تو نگاہ اٹھا کر دیکھ (ف۶) تجھے کوئی رخنہ نظر آتا ہے 

The One Who created seven tiers of heavens, one atop another! You do not find any disparity or disharmony in the creation of Rehman, (the most Merciful). Cast another look! Do you find any breach (in the heavens)?

The atmosphere only lets rays required for life reach the Earth. For example, ultraviolet rays make it to the world only partially. This is the most appropriate range to allow plants to make photosynthesis and eventually for all living things to survive.

The Arabic word "tibaqan" in these verses, translated into English as "layer" means "layer, the appropriate cover or covering for something," and thus stresses how the top layer is well suited to the lower. The word is also used in the plural here: "layers." The sky, described in the verse as being in layers, is without doubt the most perfect expression of the atmosphere. It is a great miracle that these facts, which could not possibly be discovered without the technology of the 20th century, were explicitly stated by the Qur'an 1400 year's ago.

May All Mighty ALLAH reward Dr. Harun Yahya for all his good work. www.harunyahya.com

MAY I ASK YOU A QUESTION.

Q1. Could anyone in 7th century Arabia have known that our atmosphere is made up of seven layers?

Q2. Could anyone in 7th century Arabia have known that the universe is "steadily expanding,"? 

Q3. Could anyone in 7th century Arabia have Known about the idea of the Big Bang? as the Qur'an puts it, when modern scientists have only known in recent decades, and have put forward the idea of the "Big Bang"?

Q4. Could anyone in 7th century Arabia have known that the universe has a end to?

Q5. Could anyone in 7th century Arabia have known that the mountains have a very important Geological role, as the Qur'an puts it, conformed by the modern science?

The only answer to these questions is as follows: the Qur'an is the Word of the Almighty Allah, the Originator of everything and the One Who encompasses everything with His knowledge. In one verse, Allah says, "If it had been from other than Allah, they would have found many inconsistencies in it."  (Qur'an, 4:82) Every piece of information the Qur'an contains reveals the secret miracles of this divine book.
The human being is meant to hold fast to this Divine Book revealed by Allah and to receive it with an open heart as his one and only guide in life. In the Qur'an, Allah tells us the following:

This Qur'an could never have been devised by any besides Allah. Rather it is confirmation of what came before it and an elucidation of the Book which contains no doubt from the Lord of all the worlds. Do they say, "He has invented it"? Say: "Then produce a sura like it and call on anyone you can besides Allah if you are telling the truth." (Qur'an, 10:37-38).
And this is a Book We have sent down and blessed, so follow it and have fear of Allah so that hopefully you will gain mercy. (Qur'an, 6:155)

English Translation

The Nobel Quran [041:053] 

Soon will We show them our Signs in the (furthest) regions (of the earth), and in their own souls, until it becomesmanifest to them that this is the Truth. Is it not enough that thy Lord doth witness all things?

"Deaf, dumb, and blind,

 They will not return (to the path)."     [Al-Qur'an 2:18]

May Allah Subhan A Wa'Tala guide us the right path.

Thanks for reading and watching it,

Thanks for your Precession  time.

YAH ALLAH SEND BLESSINGS ON PROPHET MUHAMMAD PEACE BE UPON HIM AND ON CHILDREN'S OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD PEACE BE UPON HIM

EMBRYOLOGY ACCORDING TO MODERN SCIENCE MUSLIMS SEEK ANSWERS

بِسْمِ اللہِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیۡمِ

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST BENEFICENT AND MERCIFULL

اللہ کے نام سے شروع جو نہایت مہربان رحم والا

YAH ALLAH SEND BLESSINGS ON PROPHET MUHAMMAD PEACE BE UPON HIM

AND ON CHILDREN'S OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD PEACE BE UPON HIM

EMBRYOLOGY MUSLIMS SEEK ANSWERS

A group of Muslim Scholars, under the direction of an eminent Yemani Scholar, Sheikh Abdul Majid Azzindani, collected information concerning embryology and other sciences in the Qur'an and Hadith and translated it into English.

They then followed the Qur'anic advice:
“If ye realise this not, ask of those who possess the Message.”
[Al-Qur’an 16:43 & 21:7]

All the information from the Qur’an and the Hadith concerning embryology so gathered, after being translated into English and presented to Prof. (Dr.) Keith Moore, Professor of Embryology and Chairman of the Department of Anatomy at the University of Toronto, in Canada.


At present he is one of the highest authorities in the field of Embryology. He was asked to give his opinion regarding the material presented to him. After carefully examining it, Dr. Moore said that most of the information concerning embryology mentioned in the Qur’an and the Hadith is in perfect conformity with modern discoveries in the field of embryology and does not conflict with them in any way. He added that there were a few verses however, on whose scientific accuracy he could not comment. He could not say whether the statements were true or false, since he was himself unaware of the information contained therein. There was also no mention of this information in modern writings and studies on embryology.

One such verse is:
“Proclaim! (or Read!) In the name of thy Lord and Cherisher, Who created – Created man, out of a (mere) clot of congealed blood.” [Al-Qur’an 96:1-2]

The Arabic word alaq, besides meaning a congealed clot of blood, also means something that clings, a leech-like substance.

Dr. Keith Moore had no knowledge whether an embryo in the initial stages appears like a leech. To check this out he studied the initial stage of the embryo under a very powerful microscope and compared what he observed with the diagram of a leech. He was astonished at the striking resemblance between the two!

In the same manner, he acquired more information on embryology, that was hitherto not known to him, from the Qur’an. Dr. Keith Moore answered about eighty questions dealing with embryological data mentioned in the Qur’an and Hadith. Noting that the information contained in the Qur’an and Hadith was in full agreement with the latest discoveries in the field of embryology, Prof. Moore said, “If I was asked these questions thirty years ago, I would not have been
able to answer half of them for lack of scientific information”. In 1981, during the Seventh Medical Conference in Dammam, Saudi Arabia, Dr. Moore said, “It has been a great pleasure for me to help clarify statements in the Qur’an about human development.

It is clear to me that these statements must have come to Muhammad from God or Allah, because almost all of this knowledge was not discovered until many centuries later. This proves to me that Muhammad must have been a messenger of God or Allah”.

Dr. Keith Moore had earlier authored the book, ‘The Developing Human’. After acquiring new knowledge from the Qur’an, he wrote, in 1982, the 3rd edition of the same book, ‘The Developing Human’. The book was the recipient of an award for the best medical book written by a single author. This book has been translated into several major languages of the world and is used as a textbook of embryology in the first year of medical studies.

Dr. Joe Leigh Simpson, Chairman of the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, at the Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, U.S.A., proclaims: “...these Hadiths, sayings of Muhammad (pbuh), could not have been obtained on the basis of the scientific knowledge that was available at the time of the writer (implying in the 7th century). It follows that not only is there no conflict between genetics and religion (implying Islam) but in fact religion (Islam) may guide science by adding revelation to some of the traditional scientific approaches . . . there exist statements in the Qur’an shown centuries later to be valid which support knowledge in the Qur’an having been derived from God.”

DROP EMITTED FROM BETWEEN THE BACK BONE AND THE RIBS

“Now let man but think from what he is created! He is created from a drop emitted – Proceeding from between the back bone and the ribs.” [Al-Qur’an 86:5-7]

In embryonic stages, the reproductive organs of the male and female, i.e. the testicles and the ovaries, begin their development near the kidney between the spinal column and the eleventh and twelfth ribs. Later they descend; the female gonads (ovaries) stop in the pelvis while the male gonads (testicles) continue their descent before birth to reach the scrotum through the inguinal canal. Even in adulthood after the descent of the reproductive organs, these organs receive their nerve supply and blood supply from the Abdominal Aorta, which is in the area between the backbone (spinal column) and the ribs. The lymphatic drainage and the venous return also go to the same area.

NUTFAH – MINUTE QUANTITY OF LIQUID

The Glorious Qur’an mentions no less than eleven times that the human being is created from nutfah, which means a minute quantity of liquid or a trickle of liquid that remains after emptying a cup. This is mentioned in several verses of the Qur’an including 22:5 and 23:13.1 Science has confirmed in recent times that only one out of an average of three million sperms is required for fertilising the ovum. This means that only 1/3 millionth part or 0.00003% of the quantity of sperms
that are emitted is required for fertilisation. The same is also mentioned in the Qur’an in 16:4, 18:37, 35:11, 36:77, 40:67, 53:46, 75:37, 76:2 and 80:19.



SULALAH – QUINTESSENCE OF LIQUID

“And made his progeny from a quintessence of the nature of a fluid despised.”
[Al-Qur’an 32:8]

The Arabic word sulaalah means quintessence or the best part of a whole. We have come to know now that only one single spermatozoon that penetrates the ovum is required for fertilization, out of the several million produced by man. That one spermatozoon out of several million, is referred to in the Qur’an as sulaalah. We have also come to know now that only one ovum is fertilized out of the tens of thousand produced by the female. That one ovum out of tens of thousand is also refered to in the Qur'an as Sulaalah. This word also means gentle extraction from a fluid. The fluid refers to both male and female germinal fluids containing gametes. Both ovum and sperm are gently extracted from their environments in the process of fertilization.

NUTFATUN AMSHAAJ – MINGLED LIQUIDS

“Verily We created man from a drop of mingled sperm.”
[Al-Qur’an 76:2]

The Arabic word nutfatin amshaajin means mingled liquids. According to some commentators of the Qur’an, mingled liquids refers to the male or female agents or liquids. After mixture of male and female gamete, the zygote still remains nutfah. Mingled liquids can also refer to spermatic fluid that is formed of various secretions that come from various glands.

Therefore, nutfatin amshaaj, i.e. a minute quantity of mingled fluids refers to the male and female gametes (germinal fluids or cells) and part of the surrounding fluids.

SEX DETERMINATION

The sex of a foetus is determined by the nature of the sperm and not of the ovum. The sex of the child, whether female or male, depends on whether the 23rd pair of chromosomes is XX or XY respectively.

Primarily, sex determination occurs at fertilization and depends upon the type of sex chromosome in the sperm that fertilizes an ovum. If it is an ‘X’ bearing sperm that fertilizes the ovum, the foetus is a female and if it is a ‘Y’ bearing sperm then the foetus is a male.
“That He did create in pairs – male and female, from a seed when lodged (in its place).” [Al-Qur’an 53:45-46]

The Arabic word nutfah means a minute quantity of liquid and tumnaa means ejaculated or planted.

Therefore nutfah specifically refers to sperm because it is ejaculated.

The Qur’an says:
“Was he not a drop of sperm emitted (in lowly form)? “Then did he become a clinging clot; then did (Allah) make and fashion (him) in due proportion. “And of him He made two sexes, male and female.” [Al-Qur’an 75:37-39]

Here again it is mentioned that a small quantity (drop) of sperm (indicated by the word nutfatan min maniyyin) which comes from the man is responsible for the sex of the foetus.

Mothers-in-law in the Indian subcontinent, usually prefer having male Grandchildren and often blame their daughters-in-law if the child is not a boy. If only they knew that the determining factor is the nature of the male sperm and not the female ovum! If they were to blame anybody, they should rather blame their sons, not their daughters-in-law, since both the Qur’an and Science hold that it is the male fluid that is responsible for the sex of the child!

FOETUS PROTECTED BY THREE VEILS OF DARKNESS


“He makes you, in the wombs of your mothers, in stages, one after another,
in three veils of darkness.” [Al-Qur’an 39:6]

According to Prof. Keith Moore, these three veils of darkness in the Qur’an refer to:
(i) anterior abdominal wall of the mother
(ii) the uterine wall
(iii) the amnio-chorionic membrane.

EMBRYOLOGICAL STAGES


“Man We did create from a quintessence (of clay); then We placed him as (a drop of) sperm in a place of rest, firmly fixed; then We made the sperm into a clot of congealed blood; then of that clot We made a (foetus) lump; then We made out of that lump bones and clothed the bones with flesh; then We developed out of it another creature. so blessed be Allah, the Best to create!”
[Al-Qur’ an 23:12-14]

In this verse Allah states that man is created from a small quantity of liquid which is placed in a place of rest, firmly fixed (well established or lodged) for which the Arabic word qaraarin makeen is used.


The uterus is well protected from the posterior by the spinal column supported firmly by the back muscles. The embryo is further protected by the amniotic sac containing the amniotic fluid. Thus the foetus has a well protected dwelling place.


This small quantity of fluid is made into alaqah, meaning something which clings. It also means a leech-like substance. Both descriptions are scientifically acceptable as in the very early stages the foetus clings to the wall and also appears to resemble the leech in shape. It also behaves like a leech (blood sucker) and acquires its blood supply from the mother through the placenta.

The third meaning of the word alaqah is a blood clot. During this alaqah stage, which spans the third and fourth week of pregnancy, the blood clots within closed vessels. Hence the embryo acquires the appearance of a blood clot in addition to acquiring the appearance of a leech. Compare the readily available Qur'anic knowledge with Man's struggle with scientific findings:

In 1677, Hamm and Leeuwenhoek were the first scientists to observe human sperm cells (spermatozoa) through a microscope. They thought that a sperm cell contained a miniature human being which grew in the uterus to form a newborn.
This was known as the perforation theory. When scientists discovered that the ovum was bigger than the sperm, it was thought by scientists like De Graf and others that the foetus existed in a miniature form in the ovum. Later, in the 18th century, Maupertuis propagated the theory of biparental inheritance.

The alaqah is transformed into mudghah which means ‘something that is chewed (having teeth marks)’ and also something that is tacky and small which can be put in the mouth like gum. Both these explanations are scientifically correct. Prof. Keith Moore took a piece of plaster seal and made it into the size and shape of the early stage of foetus and chewed it between the teeth to make it into a mudghah.

He compared this with the photographs of the early stage of foetus. The teeth marks resembled the ‘somites’ which is the early formation of the spinal column.
This mudghah is transformed into bones (izâm).

The bones are clothed with intact flesh or muscles (lahm). Then Allah makes it into another creature.

Prof. Marshall Johnson who is one of the leading scientists in the USA, and is the head of the Department of Anatomy and Director of the Daniel Institute at the Thomas Jefferson University in Philadelphia in the USA, was asked to comment on the verses of the Qur’an dealing with embryology. At first he said that the verses of the Qur’an describing the embryological stages cannot be a coincidence. It was probable that Muhammad (pbuh) had a powerful microscope. On being reminded that the Qur’an was revealed 1400 years ago, and microscopes were
invented many centuries after the time of Prophet Muhammad (May Peace, Mercy and Blessing of ALLAH be upon him), Prof. Johnson laughed and admitted that the first microscope invented could not magnify more than 10 times and could not show a clear picture.

Later he said: “I see nothing here in conflict with the concept that Divine intervention was involved when Muhammad (pbuh) recited the Qur’an.” According to Dr. Keith Moore, the modern classification of embryonic evelopment stages which is adopted throughout the world, is not easily comprehensible, since it identifies stages on a numerical basis i.e. stage 1, stage 2, etc. On the other hand, the divisions revealed in the Qur’an are based on distinct and easily identifiable forms or shapes, which the embryo passes through. These are based on different phases of pre-natal development and provide elegant scientific descriptions that are comprehensible and practical.

Embryological stages of human development have also been described in the following verses:

“Was he not a drop of sperm emitted (in lowly form)? Then did he become a clinging clot; then did (Allah) make and fashion (him) in due proportion. and of him He made two sexes, male and female.” [Al-Qur’an 75:37-39]

“Him Who created thee, fashioned thee in due proportion, and gave thee a just bias; in whatever Form He wills, does He put thee together.”
[Al-Qur’an 82:7-8]


EMBRYO PARTLY FORMED AND PARTLY UNFORMED

At the mudghah stage, if an incision is made in the embryo and the internal organ is dissected, it will be seen that most of them are formed while the remaining are not yet completely formed.

According to Prof. Johnson, if we describe the embryo as a complete creation, then we are only describing that part which is already created. If we describe it as an incomplete creation, then we are only describing that part which is not yet created. So, is it a complete creation or an incomplete creation? There is no better description of this stage of embryogenesis than the Qur’anic description, “partly formed and partly unformed”, as in the following verse:

“We created you out of dust, then out of sperm, then out of a leech-like clot, then out of a morsel of flesh, partly formed and partly unformed that We may manifest
(Our Power) to you.” [Al-Qur’an 22:5]

Scientifically we know that at this early stage of development there are some cells which are differentiated and there are some cells that are undifferentiated – some organs are formed and yet others unformed.





SENSE OF HEARING AND SIGHT

The first sense to develop in a developing human embryo is hearing. The foetus can hear sounds after the 24th week. Subsequently, the sense of sight is developed and by the 28th week, the retina becomes sensitive to light.

The Qur'an explains it thus:
“And He gave you (the faculties of) hearing and sight and feeling (and understanding).” [Al-Qur’an 32:9]

“Verily We created man from a drop of mingled sperm, in order to try him: so We gave him (the gifts), of Hearing and Sight.” [Al-Qur’an 76:2]

“It is He Who has created for you (the faculties of) hearing, sight, feeling and understanding: little thanks it is ye give!” [Al-Qur’an 23:78]

In all these verses the sense of hearing is mentioned before that of sight. Thus the Qur’anic description matches perfectly with the discoveries in modern embryology.

Mountains Role

بِسْمِ اللہِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیۡمِ

IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST BENEFICENT AND MERCIFULL

اللہ کے نام سے شروع جو نہایت مہربان رحم والا

YAH ALLAH SEND BLESSINGS ON PROPHET MUHAMMAD PEACE BE UPON HIM

 AN ON CHILDREN'S OF PROPHET MUHAMMAD PEACE BE UPON HIM

MOUNTAIN'S ROLE

The Qur'an draws attention to a very important geological function of mountains:

وَ جَعَلْنَا فِی الْاَرْضِ رَوَاسِیَ اَنۡ  تَمِیۡدَبِہِمْ ۖ وَ جَعَلْنَا فِیۡہَا فِجَاجًا سُبُلًا  لَّعَلَّہُمْ یَہۡتَدُوۡنَ ﴿۳۱﴾

 اور زمین میں ہم نے لنگر ڈالے (ف۵۸) کہ انھیں لے کر نہ کانپے اور ہم نے اس میں کشادہ راہیں رکھیں کہ کہیں وہ راہ پائیں                                             

We placed firmly embedded mountains on the Earth, so it would not move under them... (Qur'an, 21:31)

	Mountains have roots deep under the surface of the ground. (Press and Siever, Earth, 413.)
	Schematic section. Mountains, like pegs, have deep roots embedded in the ground. (Andre Cailleux and J. Moody Stuart, Anatomy of the Earth (McGraw-Hill Companies: 1968), 220.)
	Another illustration shows how mountains are peg-like in shape, due to their deep roots. (Edward J. Tarbuck and Frederick K. Lutgens, Earth Science (USA: Macmillan USA: 1993), 158.)

The verse states that mountains perform the function of preventing shocks in the Earth. This fact was not known by anyone at the time the Qur'an was revealed. It was, in fact, brought to light only recently, as a result of the findings of modern geological research.

Formerly, it was thought that mountains were merely protrusions rising above the surface of the Earth. However, scientists realised that this was not actually the case, and that those parts known as the mountain root extended down as far as 10-15 times their own height. With these features, mountains play a similar role to a nail or peg firmly holding down a tent. For example, Mount Everest, the summit of which stands approximately 9 km above the surface of the Earth, has a root deeper than 125 km (77.7 miles).

Mountains emerge as a result of the movements and collisions of massive plates forming the Earth's crust. When two plates collide, the stronger one slides under the other, the one on the top bends and forms heights and mountains. The layer beneath proceeds under the ground and makes a deep extension downward. Consequently, as stated earlier, mountains have a portion stretching downwards, as large as their visible parts on the Earth.

In a scientific text, the structure of mountains is described as follows:

Where continents are thicker, as in mountain ranges, the crust sinks deeper into the mantle.

Professor Siaveda, a world-renowned underwater geologist, made the following comment in reference to the way that mountains have root-like stalks attaching them to the surface:

The fundamental difference between continental mountains and the oceanic mountains lies in its material... But the common denominator on both mountains are that they have roots to support the mountains. In the case of continental mountains, light-low density material from the mountain is extended down into the earth as a root. In the case of oceanic mountains, there is also light material supporting the mountain as a root... Therefore, the function of the roots are to support the mountains according to the law of Archimedes.

Furthermore, a book titled Earth, by Dr. Frank Press, former president of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences, which is still used as a text book in a great many universities, states that mountains are like stakes, and are buried deep under the surface of the Earth.28

In other verses, this role of the mountains is pointed out by a comparison with "pegs":

[The Nobel Quran [Chapter 78: Verse 6 & 7]  

اَلَمْ نَجْعَلِ الْاَرْضَ مِہٰدًا ۙ﴿۶﴾  

کیا ہم نے زمین کو بچھونا نہ کیا (ف۷)

 وَّ الْجِبَالَ  اَوْتَادًا ﴿۪ۙ۷﴾  

اور پہاڑوں کو میخیں (ف۸)

Haven't We made the Earth as a bed and the mountains its pegs? (Qur'an, 78:  6-7)

[The Nobel Quran [Chapter 79: Verse 32]  

وَ الْجِبَالَ  اَرْسٰہَا ﴿ۙ۳۲﴾ 

 اور پہاڑوں کو جمایا (ف۳۹)

[79:32]  And the mountains hath He firmly fixed;- 

In the above verse it is revealed that Allah "made the mountains firm." (Qur'an, 79:32) The word "arsaahaa" in this verse means "was made rooted, was fixed, was nailed to the earth." Similarly, mountains extend to the surface layer joining lines on and below the surface, and nail these together. By fixing the Earth's crust they prevent any sliding over the magma layer or amongst the  layers themselves. In short, mountains can be compared to nails holding strips of wood together. The fixing effect of mountains is known as isostasy in scientific literature. Isostasy is the state of equilibrium between the upward force created by the mantle layer and the downward force created by the Earth's crust. As mountains lose mass due to erosion, soil loss or melting of glaciers, they can gain mass from the formation of glaciers, volcanic explosions or soil formation. Therefore, as mountains grow lighter they are pressed upwards by the raising force implemented by the liquids. Alternatively, as they grow heavier they are pressed into the mantle by the force of gravity. Equilibrium between these two forces is established by isostasy. This balancing property of mountains is described in these terms in a scientific source:

G.B Airy in 1855 suggested that the crust of the earth could be likened to rafts of timber floating on water. Thick pieces of timber float higher above the water surface than thin pieces and similarly thick sections of the earth's crust will float on a liquid or plastic substratum of greater density. Airy was suggesting that mountains have a deep root of lower density rock which the plains lack. Four years after Airy published his work, J.H Pratt offered an alternative hypothesis... By this hypothesis rock columns below mountains must have a lower density, because of their greater length, than shorter rock columns beneath plains. Both Airy and Pratt's hypothesis imply that surface irregularities are balanced by differences in density of rocks below the major features (mountains and plains) of the crust. This state of BALANCE is described as the concept of ISOSTASY.

Today, we know that the rocky external layer of the Earth's surface is riven by deep faults and split into plates swimming above the molten lava. Since the Earth revolves very quickly around its own axis, were it not for the fixing effect of the mountains, these plaques would shift. In such an event, soil would not collect on the Earth's surface, water would not accumulate in the soil, no plants could grow, and no roads or houses could be built. In short, life on Earth would be impossible. Through the mercy of Allah, however, mountains act like nails, and to a large extent, prevent movement in the Earth's surface.

This vital role of mountains, which has been discovered by modern geological and seismic research, was revealed in the Qur'an centuries ago as an example of the supreme wisdom in Allah's creation.

[The Nobel Quran [Chapter 31: Verse 10]

   

خَلَقَ السَّمٰوٰتِ بِغَیۡرِ عَمَدٍ تَرَوْنَہَا وَ اَلْقٰی فِی الْاَرْضِ رَوَاسِیَ اَنۡ تَمِیۡدَ بِکُمْ وَ بَثَّ فِیۡہَا مِنۡ کُلِّ دَآبَّۃٍ ؕ وَ اَنۡزَلْنَا مِنَ السَّمَآءِ مَآءً  فَاَنۡۢبَتْنَا فِیۡہَا مِنۡ کُلِّ زَوْجٍ کَرِیۡمٍ ﴿۱۰﴾

اس نے آسمان بنائے بے ایسے ستونوں کے جو تمہیں نظر آئیں (ف۶) اور زمین میں ڈالے لنگر (ف۷) کہ تمہیں لے کر نہ کانپے اور اس میں ہر قسم کے جانور پھیلائے اور ہم نے آسمان سے پانی اتارا (ف۸) تو زمین میں ہر نفیس جوڑا اگایا (ف۹) 

He created the heavens without any pillars that ye can see; He set on the earth mountains standing firm, lest it should shake with you; and He scattered through it beasts of all kinds. We send down rain from the sky, and produce on the earth every kind of noble creature, in pairs

[The Nobel Quran [Chapter 41: Verse 53]  

سَنُرِیۡہِمْ  اٰیٰتِنَا فِی الْاٰفَاقِ وَ فِیۡۤ  اَنۡفُسِہِمْ حَتّٰی یَتَبَیَّنَ  لَہُمْ  اَنَّہُ  الْحَقُّ ؕ اَوَ لَمْ یَکْفِ بِرَبِّکَ  اَنَّہٗ عَلٰی کُلِّ  شَیۡءٍ شَہِیۡدٌ﴿۵۳﴾

Urdu translation

ابھی ہم انہیں دکھائیں گے اپنی آیتیں دنیا بھر میں (ف۱۳۷) اور خود ان کے آپے میں (ف۱۳۸) یہاں تک کہ ان پر کُھل جائے کہ بیشک وہ حق ہے (ف۱۳۹) کیا تمہارے رب کا ہر چیز پر گواہ ہونا کافی نہیں

English Translation

The Nobel Quran [041:053] 

Soon will We show them our Signs in the (furthest) regions  

(of the earth), and in their own souls, until it  becomes 

 manifest to them that this is the Truth. Is it 

not enough 

 that thy Lord doth witness all things?

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