بِسْمِ اللہِ الرَّحْمٰنِ الرَّحِیۡمِ
IN THE NAME OF ALLAH THE MOST BENEFICENT AND MERCIFULL
اللہ کے نام سے شروع جو نہایت مہربان رحم والا
الصلواة والسلام عليک
يارسول الله
الصلواة والسلام عليک
ياحبيب الله
الصلواة والسلام عليک
يانبي الله
الصلواة والسلام عليک
يا نور الله
O Allah! Shower blessings on Muhammad and his children whenever he is remembered by those who remember him, and shower blessings on Muhammad and family whenever he is not remembered by the negligent, and grant him peace constantly in abundance
SPEED OF LIGHT "IN MONOTHEISM BOOKS, WHY?"
The speed of light in vacuum c is the same for all forces including light and all other electromagnetic waves, e.g. ultraviolet, infrared, radio and TV, and may be also the gravity. It is the upper limit speed for the forces in the physical universe and it can't be reached by any matter due to the infinite energy needed. Therefore, to describe this highest speed on the astronomical basis, the distance covered by which in a day as the shortest astronomical time is best compared to the astronomical distance covered by the moon as the nearest celestial object and the easiest to define its motion precisely. Lunar year is based on 12 cycles. Hence, puzzle of Monotheism books becomes a miracle; that "a day is comparable to or does not exceed a thousand year" (in distance), based on what moon's motion be reckoned, i.e. relative to vacuum as if earth is motionless as reckoned by earth observers, then isolated earth-moon system is achieved: "speed of light c = 12,000moon's cycles per day (in the isolated system)".
The physicist Stephen Hawking said: “Light’s velocity is different from the speed of anything else. A bullet or moon or planet always has a speed that is relative to something else. The speed of light is relative to nothing; it is an absolute constant, always the same” (Hawking’ universe, p.35). The motion of forces including light is "absolute" because it isn't affected by the observer motion; hence it is termed "The universal constant of motion", while the motion of all objects is "relative" because it is affected by the observer motion. The geocentric moon's motion as detected by the earth observers is not made from a motionless earth as reckoned by them. But to make a constant relation with the universal constant of motion c using pure parameters; the system of the moon's motion around earth should be isolated as if earth is motionless as reckoned by earth observers.
Based on the naked eye observation from the earth; the moon is reckoned circling the motionless earth, in a perfectly circular orbit, devoid from the variation ratio either in velocity or distance, as if the motion of the moon around the earth is in isolated system. This is because the moon's motion with the earth around the sun can not be detected except by an observer outside the solar system, and the variation ratio from the mean values can not be detected by the naked eye. The exclusion of this ratio achieves the perfectly circular orbit exactly as it is reckoned.
 | The moon is in a synchronous motion around the sun during its motion around the earth. It covers an angle Ø around the sun each cycle. Hence, the moon's direction in space is changed with respect to the stars from the original one by the same angle Øeach cycle around the earth. |
The "velocity" has a certain value and a certain direction (Vector), while the "mass" for example has only a certain value (Scalar). In the isolated earth-moon (e-m) system; the moon's velocity comes again to the original direction each cycle around the earth. But, actually its direction is changed with respect to the stars from the original one by an angle Ø each cycle around the earth due to the simultaneous motion around the sun.
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The moon covers an angle Ø around the sun each cycle and its direction of velocity is changed. | In respect to the stars the moon's velocity direction is changed each cycle due to the heliocentric motion during geocentric one. |
Hence, the lunar orbit is an ellipse instead of a perfectly circular one, the parameters of motion are means instead of basic and fixed ones, and either the mean velocity or the mean distance has a certain variation ratio.
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The elliptical lunar orbit |
Eccentricity (deviation from the circle) e = ae/a; Variation ratio of velocity (V) or distance(R):
2e; Moon’s near distance (perigee) P = a (1 - e); Moon’s far distance (apogee) A = a (1 + e);
Semi-major axis of the lunar orbit a = (A + P)/2 = 2R/ {1 + (1 - e²)0.5}; Semi-minor axis b =
{a² - (ae) ²}0.5; Mean distance R = (a + b)/2; orbit length L = 2π R = V × Revolution period: T';
Mean velocity V = 2π R/T'; angle Ø = 360 (T'/Y'), where Y' is the revolution period of the earth.
Sidereal year Y: 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, 9.5 seconds (31558149.5 seconds = 365.25636 days). Sidereal month T: 27 days, 7 hours, 43 minutes, 11.5 seconds (2360591.5 seconds = 27.32166088 days): (sidereal year/synodic month) + 1 = (sidereal year/sidereal month).Sidereal day t: 86164.09966 seconds: (sidereal year/synodic day) + 1 = (sidereal year/sidereal day). The Deviation angle of the earth-moon system in relation to vacuum (due to motion around sun every sidereal month) Ø: 26.92847817 [Ø = 360T/Y)], Cosine Ø: 0.891572542289913397, 2e = 1 - cosine Ø = 0.108427457710086603, e = 0.0542137288550433015 (about 0.055), π = 3.1415926535898.
It is known that "accelerate" means to change speed, but in case of planets for example the regular change in direction reflects acceleration also, therefore the direction change of the moon's velocity is acceleration. Hence, to achieve the pure geocentric moon's velocity V' in the isolated e-m system, it is plausible to exclude the effect of the heliocentric motion from the actual one. This can be done either by exclusion of the variation ratio 2e of the moon's mean velocity V from its mean value: V' = V (1 – 2e), or by analysis of the mean velocity V as a force to define the value of its component in the original direction V' after one cycle: V' = V cosine Ø.
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The perfectly circular orbit of the moon in the isolated earth-moon system is the projection of the astronomically based elliptical one. |
Subsequently, the lunar orbit deviation from a circle (eccentricity) can be defined precisely: e = 1/2 (1 – cosine Ø), as well as the pure distance (L' = V'T') covered by the pure geocentric motion of moon each month.
All laws of motion are defined in isolated system to avoid the external effects and to reveal the constant relations. Therefore, it is essential to use the isolated e-m system to define the constant speed of light value c by the pure non-variable moon's motion parameters, and to unify the pure lunar orbit length L' and the earth rotation period t' in one constant relation: c = 12000 L'/t' = 12000 V cos. ØT'/t'. For more precise calculation; the lunar heliocentric angle Øo is (360 T'/Y'): 26.92847817o(about 27o), cosine Ø is: 0.8915725423 (about 0.89), the variation ratio of the moon's mean distance or velocity 2e is (1 – cosine Ø): 0.1084274577 (about 0.11), and the eccentricity of the moon's orbit e is (2e/2): 0.05421372885 (about 0.055).
The moon completes a circle (360o) with the earth around the sun with respect to the stars in365.25636 mean days (The sidereal year Y'). The earth rotation period t' with respect to the stars is86164.09966 seconds (The sidereal day), but with respect to the sun the (synodic) day t is 86400seconds. The difference in time is due to the earth revolution around the sun during its rotation around itself. These differences make an extra rotation cycle t' each revolution: Y'/t = (Y'/t') - 1. Similarly, the moon's revolution period T' is 27.32166088 mean days (The sidereal month). The pure periods (t' and T') are considered in the isolated e-m system.
The moon's mean velocity was found to be about 1.023 km. /sec. (Laros Astronomy, p.142), and the value 1.022794272 (about 1.023) km. /sec. achieves exactly the speed of light value in vacuum c, which is the most important value in Physics, and which is defined only recently since 1983:
V = 1.022794272 km. /sec., Cosine Ø = 0.8915725423, t' = 86164.09966 sec., T' = 27.321088 days = 2360591.5 sec., L' = V Cos. Ø T' = 2152612.269 km. So:
c = 12000 L'/t' = 299,792.458 about 300,000) km. /sec. This is exactly the known value today for the speed of light c (The Encyclopedia Britannica 2003, the Encarta encyclopedia 2003). |
This precise value for speed of light is the latest step in a long history of measurements, ending in the 1983 when it was accepted in the conference of Paris for the measurements, and beginning in the early 1600s with an unsuccessful attempt by Galileo to measure the speed of the lantern light. The first evidence that the speed of light is finite was given in 1676 by Olas Romer. The value defined by him for the speed of light was about: 227000 km. /sec.Realization:
In the equation (c = 12000 L'/t'); at present: L' = 2π R' = V'T' = 2152612.269 km. (π = 3.1415926535898). Therefore: V' = 0.9118952894 km. /sec., V = V/cosine Ø = 1.022794272 km. /sec. (cos. Ø = 0.8915725423), R' = 342,598.8832 km., R = R'/cos. Ø =384,263.6095 km., semi-major axis a = 384546.3752 km., semi-minor axis b = 383980.8438 km., Perigee (the near distance) P =363,698.6823 km., and apogee = 405,394.0681 km.
These values are in agreement with astronomically defined ones based on the approximate value of the lunar orbit eccentricity (0.055) and the value 384,405 km. for the lunar orbit semi-major axis, with the following results (Astrophysics, Zeilik and Neilson, New York, p53): the near distance of the moon p = 363,263 km. and the far distance A = 405,547 km.
A trial to explore the unification in origin
As long as the initial velocity in any system of motion is isolated without external effect; sum of which as a vector will be constant forever.
In the equation (c = 12000 L'/t'); c is dealt with as a constant value, so the lunar orbit length L' should be related to the earth rotation period t' by a constant value (L'/t' = 299792.458/12000 = 24.98270483), which is achieved if the moon is on the earth periphery with similar earth rotation t' and moon's revolution T' periods (L'/t' = V'T'/t' = V'). Then, it should represent the rotation velocity of the initial earth (24.98270483 km. /sec).
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At meeting of moon and earth centers; R' = zero, so the value (R - R') must equal radius of initial earth reo = 41,664.7263 km. Hence, its rotation period t'o must be 10,478.73711 sec., which is nearexpected value (2.5 hrs) if separation was from earth with the present mean radius (6371.3 km).
The value R–R' equals 2e (2e = 1-cos. H) relative to R; so at any time: reo/R = 2 e = 1 - cos. H. The value 2e represents the ratio in the motion of the moon resulting from its motion around the sun. At contact of the moon with the earth: reo/R = 2 e = 1 - cos. Ø = 1. Therefore, the motion of the moon should be totally around the sun as a peripheral point. The angle Ø was in its maximum 90o (cos. Ø: zero), making a tangential direction of the moon with the sun's centre confirming that it was a peripheral point of it. Due to Unitarian origin; earth and moon may be viewed as a twin planet. The value e = 0.5 reveals the maximum eccentricity at which the earth and moon were prone to escape. At contact of them with the sun; the earth revolution and the sun rotation periods were similar (Y' = T' 360/Ø = 4t'o).
A residual distance exists after the complete recession of the moon in the isolated e-m system which represents the initial earth mean radius reo, therefore, the actual moon's distance R of the initial lunar orbit was 2 reo. The lunar parameters at contact of the moon with the earth are reflections to the initial lunar orbit; so its parameters can be defined provided that 2e = ro/R = 0.5, and Ø = 60o (cos. Ø = 0.5). The angle 60o is the equilibrium angle because at which the sun and earth effects on the moon were equal. The doubling of the moon's distance means that the moon's mean orbital velocity V should be half of the rotation velocity of the initial earth 0.5 Veo. Hence, the pure lunar motion that represents the escape velocity of earth can be defined (V' = V cosine Ø = 0.5 × 0.5 Veo): 6.245676208 km. /sec.Then, the actual moon's revolution period (T') value was 4t'o (V'T' = 4V't').
Because of the unified origin of the sun, earth, and moon, the escape velocity of any of them at contact depends either on the radius or the mass (r1/r2 = V1/V2, M1/M2 = V13/V23). Consider the present masses (sun: 1.99×1030 kg., earth: 5.9736×1024 kg., moon: 7.35×1022 kg.), so the escape or rotation velocity and mean radius of the sun and moon can be defined; the sun escape velocity was432.963991 km. /sec. and its radius was 2888290.327 km., and the moon escape velocity was1.441882483 km. /sec. and its mean radius was 9618.756561 km. Then, the unified mean density of either the sun, earth, or moon (3M/4π r3) was: 19.7170496 kg. /meter3.
Realization: Initial mean density of:
Sun: 3×1.99×1030/{4×3.1415926535898×(2888290327)3} = 19.7170496 kg./meter3.
Earth: 3×5.9736×1024/{4×3.1415926535898×(41664726.3)3} = 19.7170496 kg./ meter3.
Moon: 3×7.35×1022/{4×3.1415926535898×(9618756.561)3} = 19.7170496 kg./ meter3.
The mean density of the earth at present is 5520 kg. /meter3, therefore the initial earth volume was about 280 times larger. Similarly, the initial volumes of the sun and the moon were respectively about 70 and 170 times larger based on the present mean densities (1409 and 3342 kg. /meter3).
To compare the mean density of the solar system nebula; the density of the distilled water is: 1000 kg. /meter3 (about 50 times larger), and the mean density of air at sea level is: 1.3 kg. /meter3 (about15 times smaller). This result is in agreement with the hypothesis that the nebula; from which our world was formed, was mainly a collection of gas and dust as a part of our galaxy. Applying the projectiles law (V² = 2MG/r; where V the escape velocity, M the projectile mass, G the gravity constant, rthe earth radius); the gravity constant G when our galaxy formed was: 1.36038342×10-19km.3/kg./sec.2; about 2 times the present one (6.67×10-20 km.3/kg./sec.2), exactly as expected by Paul Dirac (1902-1983) that G was larger in the past.
Knowing the value of initial earth rotation period, we can calculate to define the value of the initial synodic day (sidereal year/synodic day) + 1 = (sidereal year/sidereal day), it was found to be about 4 hours only which is a plausible value; in agreement with the expected one by other ways.
Because of the minor external effects; consider the heliocentric motion of the earth is in isolated system. The present earth distance from sun Re should be related to the present equatorial sun rotation period ts according to the initial escape velocity of the sun Vso (432.963991 km. /sec.) at which earth escaped in a similar relation to that of e-m system (Vso = 2π Re/ts).
Realization: Present equatorial sun rotation period is slightly larger than 25 mean days, and the value 25.12694896 mean days defines exactly the present earth distance from sun: 149,597,870 km.which is termed "The astronomical unit" because it is used in measure inside solar system.
The rotation and escape velocities of initial moon or sun were similar. The initial Earth rotation velocity was 4 times larger than its escape velocity indicating that it was a whirl at the periphery of the initial sun. Initial moon rotation period was also similar to its revolution period indicating that present ovoid-shaped moon with long axis towards earth may face it by the same face since beginning (2πrm/the lunar rotation velocity = 2π Rm/the mean lunar orbital velocity = 41914.9484 seconds).
Because of the angular momentum conservation (MVR = constant); the lost moon's mass can be defined: M/Mo = VoRo/VR = 0.8329464537. Therefore, it had lost a reasonable ratio of its original mass about 16.7%. The loss of most of its gases may be due to its low gravity in comparison with the sun that has 99.86% of the solar system mass in a gaseous state.
The six successive days-like periods of universe creation in religious books can be divided intothree main stages: one for what was happened before the earth separation as a part of our galaxy, one for the earth interior layers, and the last one for the earth crust and atmosphere that were established since about 0.25 billion years (Encyclopedia Britanica). The recent data is consistent with the religious books classification for the universe creation, because the age of the universe was found to be about12.5 (10 – 15) billion years and the age of the earth crust and atmosphere was found to be about 4.3(4 - 4.6) billion years. So, the age of earth and moon separation as parts of our galaxy should be about8.4 billion years, at which the mechanics of the earth-moon-sun system was really started. Theaccumulated distance by the moon's recession is 300934.1569 km, hence, the annual moon's recession rate should be about: 3.6 cm. /year, which is the exact known value today by laser telemetry since Apollo 11 mission in July 1969 where reflectors were put on the surface of the moon.
The same value of solar nebula age and earth separation (about 8.4 billion years) can be obtained if we consider what the last monotheism book has mentioned that length of calendar year at the end of our world creation (since 0.25 billion years) is 12 of the present calendar months (29.530588 days), because the present length of calendar year is 12.368267 months with an accumulated extra value of0.368267 in 0.25 billion years, so total length of present year is accumulated in a period of 8.4 billion years; the age of our galaxy. This indicates that dynamics of earth and moon was formed with our galaxy before their own formation.
- "Verily, the count of the months (in a year) in the sight of God (according to his design) was twelve of the present months at the time of (full) creation of the heavens and the earth (our visibleuniverse)" (9/36).
In the isolated e-m system; the moon's distance R' and the day length t', as well as the moon's recession rate rR` and the day length increase rate rt` should have a constant relation: R'/t' =rR`/rt` = 3.976120966. This relation can be expressed by the moon's velocity: V't' = constant (78572.6366), and can be expressed by the moon's distance instead of the earth rotational period:V'R' = constant. To avoid the mass M changes effect; it may be considered, hence the fundamental law in physics of the circular motion is achieved which is conservation of angular momentum (MVR = constant) confirming conserved dynamics of isolated e-m system.
A certain Order means One conscious Will beyond
stephen hawking
To know the fact don't forget this One thing
In the Bible; the relation is still clear although there are not enough details or a definite indication to the universal upper limit speed, and what is comparable to 1000 years is not fixed to a day, hence the interpretation was only a philosophical one that the Creator is beyond the time, so a thousand years for him may be a day or only an hour; or even the reverse.
- Ps90/4: "For a thousand years in your sight Are but as yesterday when it is past, As a watchin the night."
- 2Pt3/8: "But don't forget this one thing, beloved, that one day is with the Lord as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day."
(World English Bible, WEB,1998)
In the Koran; there are three verses having the same keywords of the relation; "a day" and "a thousand years", but each context is particular.
One gives the relation making it according to what earth observers reckon, hence the motion of moon around the earth on which the Arabic (lunar) years are based becomes in isolated system determining correct way used in all physical motion equations: "And verily, a day in the sight of your Lord is as a thousand years according to what you reckon" 22/47 (At your Lord; according to Islamic belief, doesn't mean except according to the design in the whole universe that has been created by the Lord).
The Koran second verse is not only emphasizing that this relation is constant; but also it gives many details indicating by analysis that this implied speed is universal and the upper limit for the traveling, space is not empty but it is full of what we call forces, all have a Unitarian upper limit speed and a curved path in the space, these forces and matter are unified in origin and fate (one essential building matter), the earth with its satellite and sun are unified in origin and mechanics as well as all celestial objects in the universe, and the whole universe should have a unified end at which everything will be vanished again exactly as it was at the unified beginning reflecting an indivisible One Great Will beyond lasting forever.
- "He (your Lord) manages everything, from the heaven to the earth (to be in order). Then(accordingly), there is what is traveling (forces) in a curved path (filling the space) until the end; (to cover) in a day a measure that cannot exceed a thousand years according to what you reckon" 32/5.
The speed of light in vacuum can not be exceeded by any mass-bearing object and the upper-limit speed for the traveling forces in the universe; hence it is the suitable speed by which the huge astronomical distances can be measured using the suitable unit of time. The moon is about 1 second far, the sun is about 8 minutes, the nearest star (Alpha Century) is 4.3 years, and the nearest galaxy (Andromeda) is about 2 million years. To define the upper-limit distance or the radius of the universe on the astronomical basis; the suitable unit of time is the maximal one we can define, which is the sun's year, or the period of a circle covered by the sun around the centre of our galaxy (Milky way), it is about 250 million years. The beam of light covers universe radius in its age which was found to be about 12.5 (10–15) billion years, or 50 by feasible time units (Sun's years).
Excluding the keywords indicative to the universal constant of motion ("a day" and "a thousand years"); still a keyword (50) in the third verse contextually indicative to the maximal astronomically observable distance by maximal speed and the units of time feasible for measure (sun's years).
- "The (non-physical messengers) Angels and the Spirit are traveling in (the universe) curved paths until the end (covering a huge expansion); of a measure of fifty (feasible units of time);thousand years in a day" 70/4.
Amazingly; maximal astronomical distance in last monotheism book is defined as "a measure of fifty; thousand years in a day" that contextually means: "50 (feasible time units) by the 1000 years per day speed". This distance can't be measured by traveling of any physical being due to the time barrier during traveling in the dynamic universe by a limited speed.
The plausible conclusion of these scientifically based measures is that prophets message is one, and what is incomplete and distorted by time is detailed and corrected in the last one; with evidences of Divine Inspiration confirming that Creator is unique, invisible and indivisible; but only One.
The Koran tells us that it has been revealed by the Great God himself by the same message (Monotheism) of the previous book, but with more details describing obscure facts about the physical world and absence of change or distortion, so the Koran is dominating over it, and should not be rejected: "We (An expression of Greatness) have revealed to you the Book truthfully confirming what was in the previous book; but dominating over it." 5/48
الصلواة والسلام عليک
يارسول الله
الصلواة والسلام عليک
ياحبيب الله
الصلواة والسلام عليک
يانبي الله
الصلواة والسلام عليک
يا نور الله
O Allah! Shower blessings on Muhammad and his children whenever he is remembered by those who remember him, and shower blessings on Muhammad and family whenever he is not remembered by the negligent, and grant him peace constantly in abundance
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